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Insight into the vocabulary of late Vulgar Latin in France can be seen in the Reichenau Glosses, written on the margins of a copy of the Vulgate Bible (written in Classical Latin though intended for the ''vulgus''), suggesting that the 4th-century words of the Bible were no longer readily understood in the 8th century, when it is likely the glosses were written. These glosses demonstrate typical vocabulary differences between Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin in Gallo-Romance: Grammatical changes: * ''optimōs'' "best (acc. pl.)" → ''meliōrēs'', orig. "better (acc. pl.)" (French ''meilleur'', Romansh ''meglier'',Romanian ''optim'' Italian ''migliore'', Catalan ''millor'', Occitan/Portuguese ''melhor'', Spanish ''mejor''. Learned loans in Spanish ''óptimo'', Portuguese ''ótimo'', Italian ''ottimo'', Catalan ''òptim'', all meaning "excellent" or "optimal") * ''sāniōre'' "healthier (abl.)" → ''plūs sānō'' (French ''plus sain'', Italian ''più sano'', Spanish ''más sano'', Catalan ''més sa'', Portuguese ''mais são'', Romanian ''mai sănătos'') Germanic loan words: * ''cementāriīs'' "stonemasons (abl.)" → ''matiōnibus'', akin to obsolete German ''Metze'' (French ''maçon'' "stonemason") * ''cōturnīx'' "quail" → ''quaccola'', akin to Flemish ''kwakkel'' (French ''caille'', Romansh ''quacra'' "quail", Italian ''quaglia''; Catalan ''guatlla'' (← quattula); vs. Spanish ''codorniz'', Portuguese ''codorna'', Romanian ''potârniche'' "quail") * ''fulvus'' "brown, dark" → ''brunus'' (French/Occitan ''brun'', Romansh ''brin'', ''brün'', Catalan ''bru'', Spanish/Italian ''bruno'' "brown/dark") * ''galea'' "helmet" → ''helme'' (French ''heaume'', Italian/Portuguese ''elmo'', Catalan ''elm'', Spanish ''yelmo'' "helmet") * ''pignus'' "pledge; token" → ''wadius'', from Gothic ''wadi'' (French ''gage'' "pledge", Occitan ''gadi'' "will (testament)"; vs. Romansh ''pegn'', Italian ''pegno'', Occitan ''penha'', Spanish ''prenda'', Portuguese ''penhor'') * ''turmās'' "crowds (acc.)" → ''fulcās'', akin to English ''folk'' (Old French ''foulc'', ''fouc'', Old Occitan ''folc'', Occitan ''plòc'' "crowd"; vs. Italian ''torma'', Friulian ''torme'', Sardinian ''truma'', Romanian ''turmă'' "crowd") And words whose meaning has changed: * ''ēmit'' "bought" → ''comparāvit'', orig. "compared, prepared" (Old French ''comparer'', Romansh ''cumpra'', Italian ''comprare'', Occitan ''crompar'', Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese ''comprar'', Romanian ''cumpărare'' "to buy") * ''femur'' "thigh" → ''coxa'', orig. "hip" (French ''cuisse'', Romansh ''cuissa, cossa'', Italian ''coscia'', Occitan ''cuèissa'', Catalan ''cuixa'', Spanish ''cuja'', Portuguese ''coxa'', Vegliote ''copsa'', Romanian ''coapsă'' "thigh") * ''in ōre'' "in the mouth" (← ''ōs'') → ''in buccā'', orig. "in the cheek" (French ''bouche'', Romansh ''bucca'', Italian ''bocca'', Occitan/Catalan/Spanish/Portuguese ''boca'' "mouth", and Romanian ''bucă'' "cheek; buttock") * ''rērum'' "of things" (← ''rēs'' "thing") → ''causārum'' "of causes" (French ''chose'', Romansh ''caussa'', ''chosa'', Italian/Spanish/Catalan ''cosa'', Portuguese ''coisa'' "thing". ''Rēs'' gave French ''rien'' "nothing", Occitan/Catalan ''res'' "nothing") * ''rōstrum'' "beak" → ''beccus'', post-classical borrowing from Gaulish (French ''bec'', Italian ''becco'', Catalan ''bec'', Spanish ''pico'', Portuguese ''bico'' "beak". ''Rostrum'' is a learned loan in Italian ''rostro'' "beak", Spanish/Galician ''rostro'', Portuguese ''rosto'' "face", Romanian ''rost'' "mouth" and ''a rosti'' "to pronounce, tell") 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reichenau Glosses」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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